Type1引述他人观点（为提出自己观点铺垫）

[1]Itiswidely(commonly)accepted(hold)+THAT

[2]Awidelyaccepted(commonly)holdidea(pointofview,viewpoint,opinion,assumption)is+THAT/NP

[3]A/Thedominant(prevalent,prevailing)idea(see[2])isNP/toDO

[4]Itistakenforgranted+THAT(or:Weoften/frequentlytakeitforgrantedTHAT)

[5]People(Themajority)seemtogetaccustomedtotheidea(see[2]),withoutquestioning,THAT

[6]PeoplearewillingtoregardNP1asNP2/ADJ

[7]PeoplearewillingtoDO,whilereluctanttoDO

Type2提出异议

[1]However(But),…

[2]Suchidea(see[1-2]),ifnotentirelyADJ1,issomewhatADJ2andneedscarefulconsideration.

ADJI=unreasonable,unacceptable,inappropriate,improper,undesirable,

etc;

ADJ2=misleading,doubtrul,etc

[3]Infact(Asamatteroffact),…(follow[2])

[4]However,itisnot(quite,necessarily)thecase.

[5]This(It)isnot(quite,necessarily)thecaseandneedstobofrutherconsidered/discussed.(or:furtherconsideration/discussion)

Type3论述的展开：说明原因和理由，层进，举例，转折

[1]Thereasonliesinseveralaspects,

[2]Thereasonwhy+clause+[1,underlined]

[3]Thereareseveralremarkablereasons.

[4]层进inaddition,besides,fruthermore,what’smore,ontheotherhand,meanwhile,foronething…foranother;finally,aboveall,inshort.

[5]举例forexample,forinstance,such(generalterm)as(specificterms),atypical(striking)exampleisthat,acaseinpoint

[6]转折however,but,nevertheless,onthecontrary

[7]条件if,providedthat,unless,aslongas,etc

Type4就…而言；关于

[1]asfaras…is/areconcemed:Asfarascurrentsituationisconcerned

[2]asttheproblemastoNP有关…的问题

Type5问题

[1]Althoughmuchefforthasbeenmade,thesituationisfarfromsatisfactory(or:theproblemremainsunsolved,littleimprovementhasbeenachieved)

[2]Thereisatendency,asrecentstudy(investigation)haspointedout(shown,revealed,indicated),+THAT

[3]Thereisgrowingconcernabout+NP

[4]Itwillinevitably(islikelyto)resultin(leadto)unwanted(serious)consequence(orNP)

[5]Unfortunately,…

[6]Wewillnotbeabletoaffordtheriskofoverlookingtheseriousnessofthematter.

[7]Theprocess,onceinitiated,ismostlikelyirreversible.

[8]Weareconstantly(frequently)facedwithNP

TYPE6重要与必要；（应）注意与重视

[1]NP1isofgreatimportance(necessity,value)inNP2(or:NPisofenormoussignificance)

[2]Theimportance(necessity)ofNP(todosth.)liesin(thefact)that…

[3]NP1plays,asisknown,anirreplaceablyimportantroleinNP2

[4]TheirreplaceablyimportantroleNP1playsinNP2issignificant(obvous)

[5]NP1isanindispensablepartofNP2

[6]Itisimportant(necessary)toDO(or:THAT)

[7]Specialattentionshouldbepayto…(or:Weshouldpayspecialattentionto…)

[8]Whatweshouldtakeintoconsiderationis+NP

Type7行动

[1](immediate,emergent,effective)Measuresarebeingtaken(hasbeentaken,shouldbetaken)toDO

[3]Wehavemademucheffort,thereisstillmoreweneedtomake(cf.Wehavelearntalot,thereismuchmoreweneedtolea123)

Type8二择其一

[1]Ifitwereleftformetodecidewhether(wh-clause),Iwould,withouthesitation,choose+toDO(or:Iwouldprefertheformer/thelatter)

[2]ToDO/NPisamatterofprerence.

[3]Itisdifficulttomakeachoiceforonecanhardlygainmostwithoutlosingany.

[4]Thedifficultyliesinthefactthattheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofbothcasesareequallyobvious.

[5]Infact,wemaywellpreserveadelicatebalanceorcompromisebetweenthetwothangotoextreme.

[6]Itisnotsensibletoexcludeoneofthechoicescompletely

[7](oftwoconflictingideas,concepts)Thoughconflictingtooneanother,theyaresocloselyassociatedthatunderstandingonewillbeimpossiblewithoutdiscussingtheother.

[8]ThebenefitsofNParevaried…

[9]Whiledisadvantagesareunavoidable,itistheadvantagesthatprevail.